From production design to recycling and disposal, two organizations outline a sustainable development roadmap for plastic packaging.

Plastic has become an indispensable material in various industries due to its lightweight, durability, and low cost. However, the impact of plastic on the environment and human health has increasingly attracted people's attention.

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Plastic plays an important role in the packaging industry, alongside metal packaging, paper packaging, and glass packaging, forming the four major types of packaging materials.Data shows that the total amount of plastic used for packaging production in China each year is approximately 45 million tons. Among this, plastic packaging in the food sector accounts for 43%, disposable shopping bags, vest bags, garbage bags, and flexible packaging account for 11%, packaging in the express delivery sector accounts for 9%, packaging in the apparel sector accounts for 8%, packaging in the cosmetics and daily chemical products sector accounts for 6%, and other sectors account for 23%.

"These plastic packages, especially soft plastic packages, are widely used, dispersed, difficult to recycle and dispose of, have low economic value, and can easily leak into the environment, making them recognized globally as the biggest难点 and痛点 in plastic pollution control." Vice President Han Xuefeng of the China Packaging Federation introduced that in recent years, with the rapid development of emerging fields such as takeout and express delivery, the problem of recycling and disposing of plastic packaging has become increasingly prominent.

The report claims that relevant research shows that greenhouse gases emitted during the production of plastics account for 90% of the total emissions throughout their lifecycle. In 2024, the United Nations Environment Assembly pointed out that greenhouse gases generated from the production, use, and waste management of plastics account for 4% of the global total emissions. In a "business-as-usual" scenario, by 2040, the greenhouse gas emissions from the plastics lifecycle will account for 19% of the global total.

Additionally, data from the United Nations Environment Programme shows that plastics account for more than 85% of marine litter, with approximately 22 million tons of plastic entering the environment each year. Of this, 6 million tons flow directly into rivers, lakes, and oceans, with the vast majority being plastic packaging.

Research has found that plastic waste is posing a significant threat to biodiversity. Once coral comes into contact with plastic, the risk of disease increases from 4% to 89%, making them 20 times more likely to be affected by diseases. Scientists estimate that 118 out of 693 species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List are severely threatened due to plastic debris entanglement and ingestion of plastic waste.

Approximately 22 million tons of plastic enter the environment each year. The photo shows a plastic waste recycling station in Changping District, Beijing. Photo by Zhang Ke.

In 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued the "Opinions on Further Strengthening Plastic Pollution Control," which introduced regulations to ban or limit the use of more single-use plastic products, such as ultra-thin plastic bags and plastic microbeads. This established a comprehensive governance system spanning from the ecological design of plastics to the final recycling and disposal stages. In 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments released the "Action Plan for Plastic Pollution Control During the 14th Five-Year Plan," further strengthening and refining the plastic pollution control system that covers the entire lifecycle, with plastic packaging being the core focus of policy management.

The report introduces that China has initially established a regulatory, policy, and standard system for sustainable development of plastic packaging. The overall recycling rate of plastic packaging is increasing year by year, and recycled plastics are widely used in various fields such as construction, agriculture, daily chemical products, and more. However, overall, plastic packaging is mainly downcycled, with a relatively low proportion of same-grade regeneration and recycling, especially for food-contact plastics. Soft plastic packaging has become a difficult and painful point in the governance of plastic pollution.

The report introduces that currently, developed countries and regions such as the European Union and Japan have generally established a sustainable development institutional system. This system is centered around ecological design regulations, prohibition and restriction management systems, extended producer responsibility, mandatory use of recycled raw materials, deposit-refund systems for typical packaging, sustainable packaging certification, and carbon footprint certification management. These measures have become key drivers in promoting the sustainable development of plastic packaging.

Zhang Deyuan, director of the Circular Economy Research Office of the Macroeconomic Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, stated that for the sustainable development of plastic packaging, we should adhere to the concept of green, low-carbon, and circular development. It is essential to establish a sustainable development system for plastic packaging that covers the entire lifecycle, including green alternatives for raw materials, ecological design of packaging products, source reduction, process supervision, recycling, and safe disposal, to achieve a transformation toward sustainable development of packaging.

Zhang Deyuan believes that the sustainable development of plastic packaging requires continuous improvement of the governance system, strengthening legal constraints, policy incentives, technological innovation, and institutional innovation. It is essential to clarify the responsibilities of various stakeholders, including the government, plastic production enterprises, packaging production enterprises, commodity production enterprises, e-commerce platforms, food delivery platforms, courier companies, retail businesses, and consumers. The role of social organizations should be emphasized, and a comprehensive long-term incentive mechanism should be established.

"The report recommends,"At the national level, develop an overall policy document to promote the sustainable development of plastic packaging, and establish a sustainable development policy system for the entire life cycle of plastic packaging.Research and formulate the "Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Plastic Pollution," and include the sustainable development of plastic packaging as a key component of this law. Promote a system for the increased use of recycled plastics, encourage and drive designs for recyclability, and expedite the improvement of standards for calculating the carbon footprint of plastic packaging, green packaging standards, and certification systems.

At the local government level, accelerate the formulation or revision of local regulations for plastic pollution control, strengthen the management of single-use plastic products in accordance with local conditions, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of relevant parties, and enhance regulatory penalties. In response to the needs of physical recycling or chemical circulation of waste plastics, reform and optimize the municipal solid waste classification system, and universally promote "dry and wet classification" of household waste to create basic conditions for the sorting and recycling of low-value recyclable materials. Build a centralized and unified carbon-inclusive management platform. Encourage upstream and downstream enterprises to jointly establish voluntary organizations for the sustainable development of plastic packaging based on the industry chain, and collaborate on green design, recycling, and carbon reduction related to plastic packaging.