Ground Powdering phenomenon:

1. Low concrete strength, poor surface smoothness, rough surface, whitish color, and repeated cleaning cannot restore cleanliness;

2. After personnel walk or vehicles roll over, loose cement powder and fine aggregates continuously fall off the surface;

3. With the increase in traffic, the ground becomes dusty, peels off, exposing aggregates like sand and gravel, and even shows damage.

Causes of Ground Powdering

1. Material factors:

1. Low cement grade, or using expired, damp, or inferior cement, leading to insufficient final strength of the surface;

2. Improper mix ratio, excessive water-cement ratio;

3. Sand particle size too fine, excessive mud content;

4. Excessive water added during concrete or mortar mixing, or uneven mixing, causing powdering and peeling in overly moist areas.

2. Construction factors:

1. Insufficient surface troweling, not compacted enough, leading to bleeding and powdering;

2. Poor timing during troweling, or troweling after final setting, damaging the mortar surface and causing powdering;

3. Improper curing, watering too early or too late, insufficient curing days, etc.;

4. Ground construction exposed to freezing or starting use before reaching sufficient strength, etc.

Design factors of Ground Powdering:

As surfaces in areas prone to wear and corrosion, such as garages, factory workshops, and warehouses, even the best concrete surface will suffer from the effects of crushing, corrosion, and deterioration, such as wear from wheel rolling, corrosive media, and water corrosion (like de-icing salts). The ground is easily damaged, leading to ground powdering phenomena. Therefore, reasonably designing protective surface layers (such as diamond sand wear-resistant floors, epoxy floors, etc.) can significantly extend the service life of concrete and cement surfaces and reduce the occurrence of ground powdering.

Other factors of Ground Powdering:

The environment and external forces during use can also cause ground powdering and damage, such as repeated freeze-thaw cycles, surface heating, chemical effects of acids or salts, loads exceeding design loads, and short-term loads, etc.