Why using only main antioxidants is not the best solution for aging resistance of engineering plastics?

This is a very professional and critical question. Simply put,The unsatisfactory effect of using a single primary antioxidant is due to the fact that the aging of polymer materials involves a complex chain reaction involving various radicals and peroxides, and an antioxidant with a single mechanism cannot "cover all bases."。
I. From the perspective of aging mechanisms: a "multi-target" coordinated approach is needed.
The thermal oxidative aging of polymer materials (such as plastics and rubber) is aAutocatalytic chain reaction...mainly includes three stages:
TriggerUnder the action of heat, light, metal ions, etc., polymer chains generate alkyl radicals (R•).
2. Growth: R• 迅速与氧气结合,生成过氧自由基(ROO•)。ROO• 再去夺取其他高分子链上的氢,生成氢过氧化物(ROOH)和新的R•。这是最关键的传播步骤。
3.终止: 自由基相互结合,形成稳定产物。
In this process, two main harmful substances are produced:
🔺自由基: 如 R•, ROO•
🔺氢过氧化物: ROOH,它非常不稳定,在热或光下会分解产生 两个新的自由基,导致反应呈指数级加速。
二、 主抗氧剂的局限性与辅助抗氧剂的作用

1.主抗氧剂(自由基捕获剂,如受阻酚类、胺类)
作用机理: 主要捕获和消灭 烷基自由基和过氧自由基。它们通过提供氢原子给自由基,使其变成稳定物质,自身则生成稳定的自由基,从而打断链增长反应。
局限性:
治标不治本: 它无法消除老化反应的“根源”——氢过氧化物。只要ROOH存在,它就会不断分解产生新的自由基。主抗氧剂就像不断扑灭火灾点,但火源(ROOH)还在持续冒火。
自身消耗: 主抗氧剂在发挥作用后会被消耗掉。一旦耗尽,保护作用立即消失。
2.辅助抗氧剂(氢过氧化物分解剂,如亚磷酸酯类、硫代酯类)
作用机理: 将不稳定的 氢过氧化物 还原成稳定的醇类等物质,在它分解成自由基之前就将其清除。
: 相当于切断了自由基的“弹药补给”,从源头上减缓了链式反应的爆发。
三、 为什么“主+辅”协同效果最佳?

协同效应是核心。两者配合,形成了完美的“立体防御”体系:
1.分工明确,覆盖全面:
主抗氧剂: 对付已产生的自由基。
辅助抗氧剂: 清除产生自由基的 。
两者结合,同时攻击老化反应链的 “士兵” 和 “兵工厂”。
2.相互增效,延长寿命:
辅助抗氧剂通过分解ROOH,极大地减轻了主抗氧剂的负担,使得主抗氧剂的消耗速度变慢,从而显著延长了整个稳定体系的寿命。
实验表明,主辅复配的长期热稳定性远高于两者单独使用效果之和。
4. A Vivid Metaphor
Comparing polymer aging to a fire:
Free radicalsIs burning 。
Hydrogen peroxideIt is piled up to the side.。
Primary antioxidant 是 Fire extinguisher,可以扑灭火苗。
Auxiliary antioxidant 是 搬运工,负责把汽油桶搬走。
单用主抗氧剂: 你不断地用灭火器扑灭火苗,但旁边的汽油桶不断爆炸(分解)产生新的、更大的火苗。很快你的灭火器就用完了,火势彻底失控。
主辅复配: 灭火器扑灭火苗的同时,搬运工不断把汽油桶搬走。火苗失去了补充,灭火器的压力大大减轻,火灾被长时间有效控制。
五、 其他影响因素
除了主辅协同,实际配方中还需考虑:
✔加工稳定性: 聚合物在高温加工时(如挤出、注塑)会发生严重的氧化,需要添加在高温下快速起效的抗氧剂(如亚磷酸酯类辅助抗氧剂常作为加工稳定剂)。
✔长期热稳定性: 制品在使用寿命期间需要长期保护,这更多依赖于受阻酚类主抗氧剂和硫代酯类辅助抗氧剂的协同。
✔颜色保护: 某些主抗氧剂(如胺类)本身会变色,在浅色制品中需选用不染色的酚类。辅助抗氧剂(如亚磷酸酯)也有助于防止颜色变黄。
单用主抗氧剂效果不是最佳,根本原因在于其作用机理的单一性,无法同时应对自由基和氢过氧化物这两大破坏因素。而主抗氧剂与辅助抗氧剂的复配使用,通过协同效应,实现了对聚合物热氧老化全过程、多靶点的有效抑制,从而在加工稳定性、长期热稳定性和经济性上达到最优平衡。这是高分子材料稳定化技术中最经典和核心的配方原则。
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