Engineering Glossary Specs | Eurasia Fastener Sources | Worldwidefastenersources.com, LLC window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-K47DLDPF48'); The Right Source Members: Registration | Login Products Members Suppliers Distributors Registration Login Tradenames Surplus Real LIVE Fastener Surplus List Your Surplus! Glossary Resources Overview 3D Printing Fastener Abbreviations Fastener Cost Reduction Evaluation Fastener Standards Fastener Standards Organizations Assembly Organizations Multi-Line Reps Fastener Consultants Cutting Fastener Costs Fastener Stocks Fastener Reps Directory Supplier Satifaction Survey NASA Fastener Design Manual American Fastener Veterans Assoc. 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Register NOW! Engineering Glossary Specs Back ACID ETCH TEST The use of a suitable acid applied on a metal surface to determine grain flow, grain size surface imperfections and chemical segregation. Macro-etching; re: ASTM E 340. ANCHOR FLANGE A flange used to prevent ground laid pipe from moving in any direction except along its length. It's usually set in concrete. ANNEALING A softening of metal consisting of heating carbon or alloy steel to an appropriate temperature at a specified duration, and cooling to room temperature. Austenitic stainless steels and nonferrous alloys are normally water quenched. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, is a leading standards development organization. This committee has jurisdiction over fastener standards. AUSTENITE A solid solution in which gamma iron ( face centered cubic crystal structure) is the solvent. In low carbon steel austenite exists above 1670°F, and austenitic stainless steels austenite exists between room temperature and their melting point. AUSTENITIC A stainless steel or other single phase alloy which has a stable austenite structure between room temperature and the melting point. AVERAGE COATING THICKNESS This is determined as either the value obtained by analytical methods or the mean value of a specified number of local thickness measurements that are evenly distributed over the significant surface. "AX" RING GASKET A specific description for a special ring joint gasket for a specific customer. BAR This describes carbon and alloy steel bar that is produced from hot rolled or cast billets with the cross sectional dimensions that have a relatively constant dimension. BEND TEST This test is meant to determine the toughness or ductility of a fastener. It is usually performed by bending the fastener through its axis or on a round mandrel. BOLT A headed and externally threaded fastener designed to be assembled with a nut. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST A common method for determining hardness of metals by pressing a 10mm hardened steel ball onto a ground surface portion of the metal under a 500-3000 Kg (Kilogram) load. Comparison of the diameter of the impression with that of a known material hardness provides an indication of hardness of the piece of metal being tested. The result represents the Brinell hardness number, which is the value obtained by dividing the applied load in Kg., by the surface area of the impression in mm2. Standards for this test are defined under ASTM E10. "BX" RING GASKET A style of Ring Joint Gasket, octagonal in shape having equal angles. This gasket relies on full angular contact to provide a seal against the mating contact surfaces of the corresponding ring joint flange. It is used in high pressure applications at pressures up to 20,000 psi. CAD PLATED & BAKED Cadmium plating and then baked to relieve hydrogen embrittlement. CARBIDE PRECIPITATION The migration and preferential combination of carbon with chromium in the grain boundaries of certain austenitic stainless steels. This carbide precipitation occurs when one part carbon combines with seventeen parts of chromium while the stainless steel is heated, or cooled in the 8000 to 15000F temperature range. CARBIDES Compounds formed when carbon combines with one or more metallic elements. For example; in stainless steels when excess chromium carbides form, corrosion resistance can be reduced. CARBON The principal non-metallic element which when combined with iron in controlled amounts below 2.0% form carbon steels. CARBON EQUIVALENT A numerical value in weight percent, calculated from a mathematical equation, designed to relate the combined hardening effect of various alloying elements used in making carbon steel to an equivalent amount of carbon. By reducing the carbon content in the steel and adding controlled amounts of alloying elements the desired strength levels can be achieved by proper heat treatment. The result will produce a steel with good weldability and low temperature notch toughness. The current widely used CE formula is as follows: Depending on customer and industry specifications, CE can be required as low as 0.40% max., and as high as 0.5% max. carbon content. CARBON STEEL A metal alloy that principle elements are carbon and iron. Contains other trace elements in undetectable amounts. CARBURIZING Heating a carbon or alloy steel to austenitizing temperature while in a carbon rich atmosphere to cause absorption of carbon at the surface. CERTIFICATION A procedure and action to verify in writing a process or material meets a set of applicable standards. This helps ensure consist products for both manufacturer and end users. CHARPY IMPACT TEST A test method comprising of three "notched specimens" at a selected temperature, impact tested, to determine resistance to crack initiation in metals. The three specimens results are averaged and units are reported in foot pounds of energy or Joules, re: ASTM A370 for details. CHROMIUM A metallic element when added to steel will improve mechanical proper ties, increase resistance to oxidation, corrosion and wear. A minimum of 12% chromium is required to produce stainless steel. CLAMP LOAD Also called initial load or preload, is created when tension is applied on a bolt and results in equal force and measures of the compression of two parts. It is commonly calculated as 75% of minimum proof load. COLD FORMING Processing material by forcing metal through various dies, below the recrystallization temperature. Most mass produced fasteners use this technique and require large production runs with long lead times. COLUMBIUM A metallic element when added to steel acts as a grain refiner. It also improves hot working. In the range of 2-3% it serves as a stabilizer in austenitic steels. Also known as Niobium (Nb). COMPRESSION LOAD The load which tends to compress or shorten the member. The value for compressive strength may depend upon the degree of distortion. COPPER A metallic element when added to low to medium carbon improves the resistance to atmospheric corrosion. CORROSION RESISTANCE This describes the ability of a fastener to resist corrosion under specified conditions. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN The geographic site where the iron ore and other raw materials we smelted into steel billets. This is often the most veiled part of a bolt's lineage, yet it is also the most critical, as it determines the ultimate metallurgical chemistry and purity of the steel. CUT THREAD A threading method produced by removing material from the surface with a form cutting tool. DOUBLE END STUD A stud having equally threaded ends interrupted by an unthreaded center portion. DRAW DIE A die used in producing blank studs to the proper PD size. DRAW LINE The equipment or machinery used to produce blank studs from coil. DUCTILITY (EXTERNALLY THREADED FASTENERS) The measure of a fastener's ability to deform prior to the point of fracturing. Machined test pieces are made to evaluate the metal's elongation and reduction of area. The lower the ratio of its specified minimum yield strength to its specified minimum tensile strength, the greater the fastener's ductility. DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION (PT) (LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION) A non-destructive test to examine surface defects. The metal surface to be examined is coated with a red-dyed penetrating oil which is drawn into the defects by capillary action. The red dye is removed after some time and a developer is applied. The developer will than draw the penetrant to the surface, where the geometry and size of the defect can be determined. ELASTICITY The stretching of a material without undergoing plastic deformation and permanent distortion. ELONGATION The extent that a material can plastically deform or permanently stretch, without exceeding the tensile strength and experiencing failure. In a tensile test this is reported as percent (%) elongation. "END TO END" One of two methods to measure the overall length of a stud. Actual length determined from end to end of the stud. (For other method of length determination, see 1st thread to 1st thread.) EXTENSOMETER This device measures the linear deformation of a fastener to sense the elongation under tensile stress in a controlled test environment. FASTENER A mechanical device that holds or joins two or more components in definite positions with respect to each other and is often described as a bolt, nut, rivet, screw, washer, or special formed part. FASTENER IDENTIFICATION MARKING A stamp, paint, or other permanent identifier that may include manufacturer information and applicable grade markings for certification purposes. FASTENER TESTING A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. FIRST THREAD TO FIRST THREAD The measurement taken from the first usable thread on opposite ends of a stud to determine length. It is approximately 1/4? shorter than the physical bolt length. Also described as "1st to 1st". FOOT POUND ENERGY The impact energy rated in foot pound force required to break charpy impact specimens. Also units used in relation to torque; rotational force. FORGED A process of forming ingots, blooms and billets into wrought shape pro-ducts by applying pressure at elevated temperatures using a press, hammer or ring mill. The end results are forgings. GALLING This can happen when a stainless steel fastener is tightened, the thin oxide layer on the surface of the steel may scrape off resulting in the nut and washer welding together. When disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted. GRADE IDENTIFICATION SYMBOLS Permanent markings denoting the specification used to manufacture a fastener. This would indicate the appropriate material, mechanical properties and other criteria used to produce the bolt. GRAIN FLOW The macro structure characteristic of a part, after polishing and etching, which reveals the principal direction in which the metal has been worked by mechanical methods such as pressing, hammering or rolling. GRAIN SIZE This term normally applies to the austenitic grain size as determined in carbon and alloy steels by the Mc Quaid-Ehn test. ASTM E 112 defines methods of rating grain size. When specifying grain size it should be clearly stated when austenitic grain size is required and when ferrite particle size is required. HARDNESS A measure of the resistance of a material to indent when an indenter of known geometry is impressed against a surface under a given load. HEAT ANALYSIS A chemical analysis of a given heat by the producer, which determines the percentages of its elements. HEAT NUMBER "HDG" An Alphanumeric system used to identify heat treated materials for the purpose of Traceability. Hot dipped, galvanized. A coating providing corrosion resistance. It exhibits better corrosion resistance than that of mechanically galvanized fasteners due to the thicker application of the coating. HEAT RESISTANCE This describes the extent to which a bolt retains specified properties as measured by exposure of t